“Every generation has the obligation to free men’s minds for a look at
new worlds … to look out from a higher plateau than the last generation.”
Ellison S. Onizuka
Technology is
constantly changing our society and confronts us with ethical questions. We are
capable of modifying the human genome, but should we actually change human
nature forever? In his essay The Limits
of humanity the Dutch philosopher Peter-Paul Verbeek discusses the ethical
debate about the influences of technology on our society.
Bioconservatives’ mistrust
Bioconservatives like
Jürgen Habermas and Francis Fukuyama mistrust the influence of certain new
technologies and want to protect the “limits” of humanity. They argue that
human nature could create a dangerous inequality between the enhanced and the
enhancers, because the enhancers (“the programmers”) would have the power over
the genetic characteristics of the enhanced (“the programmed”). Secondly,
changing human nature could threaten the meaning and value of human life which
by nature is neither eternal, nor perfectly happy and controllable.
Transhumanists’ blind trust
On the other hand
transhumanists like Nick Bostrom argue that technology increases the value and dignity of human life and that we must
therefore use it for that purpose as much as we can. Think of euthanasia which
offers the dying person the freedom to choose his moment of death and the
amount of suffering to endure. Secondly, transhumanists argue that mankind is a
product of evolution itself and that it would therefore be unnatural to
suddenly stop this process at the current stage of mankind.
Mankind and technology are interwoven
These two opposite
positions (mistrust versus blind trust) have run into a deadlock. Verbeek’s
essay proposes a way out. It starts by nuancing the bioconservative’s argument
that we should protect mankind from the potentially dehumanizing influence from
technology. Verbeek shows that technology cannot be understood as an external
influence to a “more pure” and low tech humanity since humanity and
technology have always been interwoven like the sugar in your coffee.
Illustrations of this are the invention of the wheel, writing, electricity,
internet and vaccinations: they were not simply “additions” to mankind, they changed mankind. They became the new
structure and “texture” of the reality in which we live, perceive, think,
relate to others and constantly make decisions.
We’re so immersed in
technology that we don’t even realize how technology-based all our moral
decisions are. Take the decision how fast we drive and therefore how much risk
we take to harm others: it is shaped by the design of the road, the power of
the engine and the presence of objects like speed control radars and speed
tables. As a consequence, these technologies cannot be judged from the
viewpoint of a technology neutral world in which our behavior has not been
influenced by it already. But how can technology be judged ethically if it’s
already all over the place?
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This road in Stewart (Florida) has several speed tables that are a way of "moralizing by technology". |
Technology shapes our intentions
To answer this
question Verbeek explains that although technology profoundly changes our
reality and the decisions we make, it doesn’t decide for us. Verbeek gives a
personal example of echoscopy, which ““translated”
our unborn child into a possible patient, inborn illnesses into forms of
suffering that could have been avoided and us into deciders on the life of our
child”. In other words echoscopy has a strong influence on the decisions
parents have to make – it even creates new choices – but not a decisive influence. It doesn’t threaten the freedom of autonomous, individual and responsible human
beings, it shapes that freedom. The challenge is to analyze this technological
influence both without refusing it too quickly out of bioconservative mistrust
and without trusting it too eagerly like the transhumanists. But how?
Not "yes or no" but "how?"
Verbeek proposes to
avoid the Scylla and Charybdis of mistrust and blind trust by understanding our
relation to technology as one in which we need to entrust ourselves to
technology. Instead of focusing on the moral acceptability of a certain
technology Verbeek proposes that we analyze the quality of life that could be
achieved with this technology. In
this approach ethics’ primary role is not primarily to decide whether or not a
technology can enter humanity, but to help mankind assess the new ways of
“being human” that will emerge from it. That’s what ethics is about after all:
thinking about what a good life is and how we should live to live a good life.
Conclusion
This assessment will
not be possible if ethics remains stuck in a debate “pro” or “against” new
technologies that doesn’t address the question how these technologies would change our lives and its quality. A
fruitful ethical debate requires that we try to answer that question, which in
turn requires us to be more explicit about what we consider a good life. In his
fascinating essay, Verbeek uses literature as one of the sources of inspiration
that can help provide the depth that is necessary for such debate. What makes
this exploration of mankind’s exciting is that it brings us closer to the
“limits of humanity” as the title suggests. To discover however that these
limits are much less sharp than we might have thought.
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The quote by which I started this blog is printed in every US passport. |